水力空化改质对重质原油沥青质及性质的影响

利用水力空化过程产生局部的高温、高压、高射流以及强大的剪切力等极端化学物理条件改质处理沙特重质原油，试验结果表明：沙特重质原油经过水力空化改质后粘度由13.61降低至7.22mm2/s，残碳由7.16%降低至6.48%，实沸点蒸馏后减压渣油降低1个百分点。进一步采用APPI FT-IR MS、XRD、FT-IR、SEM和粒度分布等技术研究了水力空化改质对沙重原油分子组成，沥青质团聚体微晶结构、沥青质胶束粒径分布、沥青质官能团、沥青质形貌等方面的影响，从分子角度阐述空化改质重油的机理。研究结果表明：水力空化改质后沙重原油分子量分布、芳烃类化合物缔合作用变小；沥青质对低DBE化合物吸附性能降低；沥青质团聚体微晶结构更加松散；沥青质胶束粒度分布降低；沥青质分子相互团聚作用力减弱。进一步考察了水力空化改质前后减压渣油延迟焦化性能，改质处理后焦炭产率降低1.85个百分点，液体收率和气体产率分别增加1.52和0.33个百分点，水力空化改质对沥青质性质、结构特点的改善能够有效的提高其加工性能。     

非径向管板焊接接头的超声检测

对AP1000压水堆核电站安全壳贯穿件的非径向管板焊接接头结构特点进行了介绍,并分析其超声检测工艺的重点和难点。通过建立统一的缺陷定位坐标系并结合被检构件的几何特点进行综合分析,推导得出了h值(缺陷回波最高点距套管外壁的距离)的计算方法。为超声检测对这类焊接接头缺陷的准确识别和定位提供了行之有效的方法,为解决这类焊接接头的超声检测技术受限区提供了行之有效的措施。     

汽蚀对离心泵性能影响的实验研究

离心泵长时间运转后,会出现危害严重的汽蚀现象,造成泵性能下降,严重时影响泵的效率、寿命,甚至造成离心泵内部部件损坏。文章通过改变进口压力的方法对单泵、双泵并联、双泵串联等工况下汽蚀对离心泵性能影响进行实验研究。结果表明:当进口压力小于输送液体的饱和蒸汽压时,液体开始发生气化并伴随气泡产生,表明泵内发生汽蚀;汽蚀初期离心泵的效率开始下降,但表现不明显;随着汽蚀不断增大至严重汽蚀区时,Q 1~η曲线出现陡坡,效率出现明显下降并伴随嗡响。实验证明采用提高泵的进口压力等措施可适当减小汽蚀对泵性能的不利影响。     

红外菲涅尔透镜的注射超声辅助成型优化

为了提升聚合物红外菲涅尔透镜的光学性能,以其表面微沟槽的成型质量为目标,提出了一种高效的注射超声辅助成型方法,并对工艺参数进行了综合质量优化。首先分析了超声振动对聚合物的加热和加压效应,设计了一套一模两腔的对比试验模具;接着以红外菲涅尔透镜的调制传递函数MTF和齿形平均高度h为优化质量目标,设计了四步骤的多目标优化流程,通过试验设计、基于BP神经网络的质量目标与注射工艺参数关系建模、基于NSGA-Ⅱ的多目标优化和试验验证进行工艺参数的综合优化。实验结果表明:该多目标优化流程具有很高的精度,MTF和h的平均预测误差MPE分别为4.16%和3.32%;注射超声辅助成型的菲涅尔透镜微沟槽具有更高的复制质量,其齿沟槽平均高度h增加了15.6%,且h值的波动量随着h值的增大而增大,MTF值受齿高h均匀性的影响大于齿高h对其的影响。     

微观表面形貌对螺旋槽液膜密封空化发生的影响

为探索微观表面形貌对液膜密封空化的影响,基于满足质量守恒的JFO空化模型及坐标变换,建立考虑微观表面形貌的双坝区螺旋槽液膜密封数学模型;采用有限体积法离散求解控制方程,综合分析表面粗糙度、周向波度和径向锥度对螺旋槽液膜密封空化发生的影响规律。结果表明:相比而言,密封面计入微观表面形貌后,摩擦副液膜中空穴区发生位置分散且形状不规则;以空化面积比为判据,较大表面粗糙度对液膜空化促生虽起到积极作用,但数据较小,可忽略不计;锥度对液膜中空穴促生和抑制影响有限,波幅的增加显著促进液膜中空穴的发生;高频波数时,正锥度有利于降低液膜空化面积比,抑制空穴。     

Relations between asphaltene content,viscosity reduction rate of heavy oil and ultrasonic parameters

Ultrasonic treatment could decrease the viscosity of heavy oil and previous study on had focused on one heavy oil sample and involved less on the influence of asphaltene content. This study examined the effect of asphaltene content on viscosity reduction rate by ultrasonication. A comparison on samples with various asphaltene content and vibration parameter was made. The results showed that the optimal vibration frequency might decrease as the asphaltene content increased, whereas the optimal vibration intensity and the optimal treatment time were suggested to be enlarged. A semi-quantitative correlation was matched, which helped for numerical simulation about ultrasonic treatment.     

Extraction of protein from food waste: An overview of current status and opportunities

The chief intent of this review is to explain the different extraction techniques and efficiencies for the recovery of protein from food waste (FW) sources. Although FW is not a new concept, increasing concerns about chronic hunger, nutritional deficiency, food security, and sustainability have intensified attention on alternative and sustainable sources of protein for food and feed. Initiatives to extract and utilize protein from FW on a commercial scale have been undertaken, mainly in the developed countries, but they remain largely underutilized and generally suited for low-quality products. The current analysis reveals the extraction of protein from FW is a many-sided (complex) issue, and that identifies for a stronger and extensive integration of diverse extraction perspectives, focusing on nutritional quality, yield, and functionality of the isolated protein as a valued recycled ingredient.     

超声波解冻与传统解冻方式的比较与竞争力评估

超声波解冻通过空化效应、机械效应和热效应对冷冻食品进行解冻,解冻效率高、对冷冻食品的损伤较小。该文简要介绍了空气解冻、水解冻和电解冻的解冻机制及研究进展,详细阐述了超声波解冻的机制及研究进展。将超声波解冻与空气解冻、水解冻和电解冻进行对比,发现超声波解冻的解冻效率最优,且将超声波与这3种传统解冻方式结合可以提高解冻效率,并且获得更好的解冻效果。超声波频率和强度以及冻结食品的解冻温度是影响解冻效果的主要参数。超声波在食品中的衰减程度受到解冻温度的影响极大,因此在调节超声波频率和强度同时调控解冻温度对解冻效果至关重要。     

对于厚度70mm〜140mm焊缝超声检测的讨论

超声检测作为一种面积型缺陷的有效检测方法,被广泛应用在气化炉、除氧器、汽包等的焊缝检测上。随着近年来电厂、化工厂对质量的要求提升,确保焊缝质量就成了生产制造厂的重点。对于这些重型容器,焊缝厚度普遍在70mm~140mm,在这个厚度区间,采取的多道焊接,工艺控制不严很容易产生缺陷。无损检测标准的制定只是简单的对此厚度划分两个区间,并未给出划定此区间的依据。本文通过实际检测气化炉、除氧器、汽包等焊缝来讨论超声检测在厚度70mm?140mm区间的划定依据。     

Electric characteristic and cavitation bubble dynamics using underwater pulsed discharge

Underwater pulsed discharge is widely applied in medicine, machining, and material modification. The induced cavitation bubble and subsequent cavitation collapse are considered the major motivations behind these applications. This paper presents an underwater pulsed discharge system. The experimental setup is established to induce and investigate the cavitation bubble assisted with a high-speed camera. Three aspects, including the characteristic of the discharge with different applied voltages and conductivities, the evolution of the cavitation bubble profile, and the energy efficiency of cavitation bubble inducing, are investigated, respectively. Especially, the mechanism of pre-discharge time delay in the low field intensity case is explained using the Joule heat effect. The results show the validity of the underwater pulsed discharger and experimental setup. The present underwater pulsed discharger is proved to be a simple, portable, and easy-to-implement device for the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics.